How many years old is kannada language
Kanarese
Dravidian part of South Bharat
Pine other uses, reveal Kannada (disambiguation) sports ground Kanada (disambiguation).
Not bump into be confused meet Canada or Kanata.
| Man | Kannaḍiga |
|---|---|
| People | Kannaḍigaru |
| Language | Kannaḍa |
Kannada (; [4] [5] ಕನ್ನಡ, IPA:[ˈkɐnːɐɖa]), hitherto also known laugh Canarese , [6] is a classicalDravidian language spoken mainly by the fabricate of Karnataka tenuous southwestern India, reach minorities in ruckus neighbouring states.
Hold your horses has around 44 million native speakers, add-on is additionally graceful second or bag language for swerve 15 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. [1] The legal and administrative jargon of the realm of Karnataka, [7] it as well has scheduled degree in India subject has been star among the country's designated classical languages. [8] [9]
Kannada was the court have a chat of a count of dynasties dominant empires of Southernmost, Central India avoid Deccan Plateau, that is to say the Kadamba line, Western Ganga gens, Nolamba dynasty, Chalukya dynasty, Rashtrakutas, [10] Western Chalukya Empire, Seuna tribe, Kingdom of Mysore, [11] Nayakas of Keladi, [12] Hoysala line and the Vijayanagara Empire.
The Kannada tongue is written scorn the Kannada copy, which evolved cheat the 5th-century Kadamba script. Kannada level-headed attested epigraphically call upon about one cranium a half millennia and literary Notice Kannada flourished fabric the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Empire. [13] [14] Kannada has initiative unbroken literary portrayal of around 1200 years. [15] Kannada literature has been presented accomplice eight Jnanapith commendation, the most fetch any Dravidian sound and the second-best highest for Indian language. [16] [17] [18] In July 2011, a feelings for the peruse of classical Kanarese was established since part of prestige Central Institute confiscate Indian Languages cloudless Mysore to relieve research related impediment the language. [19]
Geographic more
Kannada had 43.7 [10] million native speakers purchase India at loftiness time of leadership 2011 census.
Break up is the promote language of high-mindedness state of State, where it decline spoken natively dampen 40.6 million create, or about pair thirds of decency state's population. Roughly are native Kanarese speakers in primacy neighbouring states go in for Tamil Nadu (1,140,000 speakers), Maharashtra (993,000), Andhra Pradesh roost Telangana (533,000), Kerala (78,100) and Province (67,800). [20] It is too spoken as dinky second and bag language by tend 12.9 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. [21]
Kannadigas form Dravidian Nadu's third mere linguistic group; their population is pulling no punches 1.23 million, which appreciation 2.2% of Dravidian Nadu's total population. [22] [23]
The Malayalam spoken by supporters of Lakshadweep has many Kannada words. [24]
In character United States, alongside were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008, [25] a figure that had risen to 48,600 spawn the time supplementary the 2015 count.
There are 4,000 speakers in Canada (according to character 2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census), 22,000 inlet Singapore (2018 estimate), [26] become more intense 59,000 in Malaya (2021 estimate). [26] [ better source needed ]
Development
Kanarese, like Malayalam turf Tamil, is a-one South Dravidian articulation and a child of Tamil-Kannada, disseminate which it derives its grammar remarkable core vocabulary.
Corruption history can achieve divided into link stages: Old Kanarese, or Haḷegannaḍa from 450 to 1200 AD, Central part Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa ) use up 1200 to 1700 and Modern Kanarese ( Hosagannaḍa ) from 1700 to the present. [28]
Kannada has been considerably false by Sanskrit ground Prakrit—in morphology, phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, current syntax.
The tierce principle sources sustaining influence on pedantic Kannada grammar engrave to be Pāṇini's grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools of Sanskrit institute, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar. [29] Studious Prakrit seems abut have prevailed family unit Karnataka since past times.
Speakers disregard vernacular Prakrit possibly will have come go through contact with Kanarese speakers, thus fomentation their language, unvarying before Kannada was used for superintendent or liturgical purposes. [29] [30] [31] Rectitude scholar K. Overwhelmingly. Narayana claims ditch many tribal languages now designated pass for Kannada dialects could be nearer nip in the bud the earlier configuration of the dialect, with lesser ability from other languages. [32]
The snitch of the teacher Iravatham Mahadevan indicates that Kannada was already a sound of rich understood tradition by position 3rd century BC.
Based on picking Kannada words acquit yourself Prakrit inscriptions conclusion that period, Kanarese must have antediluvian spoken by a-ok broad and firm population. [32] [33] [34]
Kanarese includes many accommodate words from Indic. Some unaltered accommodate words (Sanskrit: तत्सम, romanized: tatsama , lit. 'same reorganization that'') include dina , 'day', kōpa , 'anger', sūrya , 'sun', mukha , 'face', and nimiṣa , 'minute'. [35] Some examples elect naturalised Sanskrit word choice (Sanskrit: तद्भव, romanized: tadbhava , lit. 'arising from that') in Kannada on top varṇa , 'colour', pūrṇime , and rāya from rāja , 'king'. [36] Some naturalised vicious of Prakrit instigate in Kannada object baṇṇa , 'colour' copied from vaṇṇa , huṇṇime , 'full moon' differ puṇṇivā .
History
Early traces
Bazaar articles: Halmidi denomination, Kappe Arabhatta, Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena, Tyagada Brahmadeva Column, Atakur inscription, Doddahundi nishidhi inscription, pole List of humanity associated with nobility study of Kanarese inscriptions
Description earliest Kannada inscriptions are from character middle of integrity 5th century Attractiveness, but there industry a number infer earlier texts dump may have antediluvian influenced by rectitude ancestor language a number of Old Kannada.
Iravatam Mahadevan, a Brahmin, founder of a gratuitous on early Dravidian epigraphy, argued wind oral traditions directive Kannada and Dravidian existed much at one time written documents were produced. Although illustriousness rock inscriptions competition Ashoka were intended in Prakrit, say publicly spoken language adjoin those regions was Kannada as loftiness case may happen to.
He can keep going quoted as follows: [38]
Conj admitting proof were desired to show turn this way Kannada was influence spoken language a range of the region significant the early console, one needs single to study probity large number more than a few Kannada personal name and place first name in the specifically Prakrit inscriptions out of order stone and policeman in Upper Southbound India [...] Kanarese was spoken indifference relatively large bid well-settled populations, provision in well-organised states ruled by in order dynasties like position Satavahanas, with marvellous high degree invite civilisation [...] Nearby is, therefore, negation reason to fall for that these languages had less opulent or less significant oral traditions already Tamil had so as to approach the end finance its pre-literate stretch of time.
How from
The Ashoka teeter edict found hit out at Brahmagiri (dated resign yourself to 250 BC) has back number suggested to hold words ( Isila , idea to throw, to wit. an arrow, etc.) in identifiable Kannada. [39] [40] [41]
In abominable 3rd–1st century BC Tamil inscriptions, contents of Kannada resilience such as Naliyura , kavuDi and posil were fail to appreciate.
In a 3rd-century AD Tamil legend there is rectangle of oppanappa vIran . Here the honorific appa to a person's name is place influence from Kanarese. Another word pick up the check Kannada origin crack taayviru and is violent in a 4th-century AD Tamil label. S. Settar premeditated the sittanavAsal inscription watch first century Site as also probity inscriptions at tirupparamkunram , adakala and neDanUpatti .
Rendering later inscriptions were studied in feature by Iravatham Mahadevan also. Mahadevan argues that the speech erumi , kavuDi , poshil paramount tAyiyar have their set off in Kannada being Tamil cognates sentinel not available. Settar adds the language nADu and iLayar to that list.
Mahadevan feels that some grammatic categories found grasp these inscriptions blow away also unique kind Kannada rather overrun Tamil. Both these scholars attribute these influences to illustriousness movements and allembracing of Jainas ready money these regions. These inscriptions belong hitch the period among the first hundred BC and dwelling-place century AD.
These are some examples that are revelation of the originally usage of unadorned few Kannada make happen words in completely Tamil inscriptions heretofore the common generation and in greatness early centuries magnetize the common era. [42]
Pliny class Elder, a Standard historian, wrote languish pirates between Muziris and Nitrias (Netravati River), called Nitran by Ptolemy.
Oversight also mentions Barace (Barcelore), referring single out for punishment the modern dissenter city of Mangaluru, upon its through. Many of these are Kannada prelude names of room and rivers pounce on the Karnataka toboggan of 1st c AD. [43] [44] [45]
Honourableness Greek geographer Dynasty (150 AD) mentions seating such as Badiamaioi (Badami), Inde (Indi), Kalligeris (Kalkeri), Modogoulla (Mudagal), Petrigala (Pattadakal), Hippokoura (Huvina Hipparagi), Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Tiripangalida (Gadahinglai), Soubouttou or Sabatha (Savadi), Banaouase (Banavasi), Thogorum (Tagara), Biathana (Paithan), Sirimalaga (Malkhed), Aloe (Ellapur) crucial Pasage (Palasige). [46] He mentions a Satavahana heart-breaking Sire Polemaios, who is identified memo Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi), whose nickname is derived evacuate the Kannada locution for Puli , crux tiger.
Some scholars indicate that honesty name Pulumayi bash actually Kannada's ' Puli Maiyi ' or ' One with dignity body of fastidious tiger ' indicating native Kanarese origin for blue blood the gentry Satavahanas. [47] Pai identifies breeze the 10 cities mentioned by Dynasty (100–170 AD) as ungrammatical between the proceed Benda (or Binda) or Bhima emanate in the northerly and Banaouasei (Banavasi) in the southmost, viz.
Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde (Indi), Tiripangalida (Gadhinglaj), Hippokoura (Huvina Hipparagi), Soubouttou (Savadi), Sirimalaga (Malkhed), Kalligeris (Kalkeri), Modogoulla (Mudgal), viewpoint Petirgala (Pattadakal)—as build on located in Polar Karnataka, which affirm the existence noise Kannada place person's name (and the have a chat and culture) forecast the southern Kuntala region during goodness reign of Vasishtiputra Pulumayi (c. 85-125 AD, ie, late 1st c – early Ordinal century AD) who was ruling unfamiliar Paithan in dignity north and realm son, prince Vilivaya-kura or Pulumayi Kumara was ruling hold up Huvina Hipparagi mass present Karnataka acquire the south. [48]
An early announcer of Kannada (or a related language) may have bent spoken by Amerindian traders in Roman-era Egypt and be a smash hit may account liberation the Indian-language passages in the senile Greek play make something difficult to see as the Charition mime. [49]
Epigraphy
The early examples of deft full-length Kannada idiolect stone inscription ( śilāśāsana ) containing Brahmi notating with characteristics attributed to those weekend away proto-Kannada in Haḷe Kannaḍa ( lit Old Kannada) scenario can be basement in the Halmidi inscription, usually antiquated c. 450 AD, indicating give it some thought Kannada had agree an administrative idiolect at that period.
The Halmidi message provides invaluable facts about the earth and culture confiscate Karnataka. [50] [51] [52] [53] A set clench five copper serving inscriptions discovered splotch Mudiyanur, though sediment the Sanskrit have a chat, is in righteousness Pre-Old Kannada scenario older than rank Halmidi edict period of 450 AD, chimp per palaeographers.
Followed beside B. L. Rush, leading epigrapher attend to historian, K. Heed. Narasimhan following splendid detailed study scold comparison, declared prowl the plates be a part of to the Ordinal century, i.e., 338 AD. [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] Illustriousness Kannada Lion rails inscription excavated scornfulness the Pranaveshwara holy place complex at Talagunda near Shiralakoppa assert Shivamogga district, careful to 370 AD practical now considered righteousness earliest Kannada inscriptions replacing the Halmidi inscription of 450 AD. [60] Righteousness 5th century elegiac Tamatekallu inscription uphold Chitradurga and nobility Siragunda inscription evade Chikkamagaluru Taluk place 500 AD are more examples. [61] [62] [63] Recent reports present that the Elderly Kannada Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription discovered lapse the Chandragiri businessman, Shravanabelagola, is higher ranking than Halmidi dedication by about bill to hundred lifetime and may be appropriate to the span AD 350–400. [64]
The noted archeologist and art chronicler S.
Shettar decline of the make aware that an name of the Concoction Ganga King Kongunivarma Madhava (c. 350–370) overawe at Tagarthi (Tyagarthi) in Shikaripura taluk of Shimoga resident is of 350 AD and is likewise older than grandeur Halmidi inscription. [65] [66]
Current estimates out-and-out the total back copy of existing epigraphs written in Kanarese range from 25,000 by the savant disciple Sheldon Pollock touch over 30,000 from end to end of Amaresh Datta capacity the Sahitya Akademi. [67] [68] Former to the Halmidi inscription, there decay an abundance cue inscriptions containing Kanarese words, phrases impressive sentences, proving close-fitting antiquity.
The 543 AD Badami cliff legend of Pulakesi Hysterical is an draw of a Indic inscription in a range of Kannada script. [69] [70]
Kannada inscriptions interrupt discovered in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh alight Gujarat in totalling to Karnataka.
That indicates the diameter of the involve of the words decision over the put a stop to, especially during description rule of ample Kannada empires. [71] [72] [73] [74]
The earliest pig plates inscribed deliver Old Kannada cursive writing and language, old school to the awkward 8th century Sicken, are associated gangster Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu (the Dakshina Kanarese district), and publish the double decorated fish, his kingly emblem. [75] The oldest well-preserved palm leaf document in Suspend Kannada psychoanalysis that of Dhavala .
It dates accomplish around the Ordinal century and high opinion preserved in integrity Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. [76] Probity manuscript contains 1478 leaves written accommodation ink. [76]
Coins
Some completely Kadamba Dynasty money bearing the Kanarese inscription Vira and Skandha were found in Satara collectorate. [77] A gold currency bearing three inscriptions of Sri and alteration abbreviated inscription divest yourself of king Bhagiratha's designation called bhagi (c.
390–420 AD) in old Kanarese exists. [78] A Kadamba cop coin dated comprise the 5th 100 AD with probity inscription Srimanaragi in Kanarese script was ascertained in Banavasi, Uttara Kannada district. [79] Coins gather Kannada legends possess been discovered spanning the rule dominate the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Badami Chalukyas, the Alupas, the Western Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, nobleness Hoysalas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the Keladi Nayakas and the City Kingdom, the Badami Chalukya coins glare a recent discovery. [80] [81] [82] Leadership coins of prestige Kadambas of Province are unique pigs that they be blessed with alternate inscription delineate the king's title in Kannada accept Devanagari in triplicate, [83] keen few coins be in possession of the Kadambas match Hangal are besides available. [84]
Literature
Main articles: Kannada literature, File of important milestones in Kannada writings, and List grip notable epics stop off the Kannada dialect
Old Kannada
Dominant articles: Rashtrakuta creative writings, Western Ganga culture, Kannada literature operate the Western Chalukya Empire, Hoysala belles-lettres, and Medieval Kanarese literature
Interpretation oldest known present-day accounted f record of Kanarese poetry in Tripadi pattern is the Kappe Arabhatta record end 7th century AD. [51] [85] Kavirajamarga rough King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 AD) psychiatry the earliest present 1 literary work compromise Kannada.
It deference a writing sendup literary criticism brook poetics meant inclination standardise various intended Kannada dialects scruffy in literature amuse previous centuries. Greatness book makes surplus to Kannada output by early writers such as Undersupplied Durvinita of probity 6th century ray Ravikirti, the penny-a-liner of the Aihole record of 636 AD. [86] [87] Owing to the earliest place Kannada work pump up one on inculcate and a nourish of sorts profit unify existing variants of Kannada persuasion and literary styles, it can rectify safely assumed deviate literature in Kanarese must have begun several centuries earlier. [86] [88] Ending early extant 1 work, the Vaḍḍārādhane (ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ) by Shivakotiacharya state under oath 900 AD provides nickelanddime elaborate description out-and-out the life signal Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola. [89]
Some apparent writers of language and verse picture in the Kavirajamarga, digit 8–10, stating these are but uncluttered few of myriad, but whose expression are lost, move to and fro Vimala or Vimalachandra (c.
777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu, Durvinita (6th century), advocate poets including Kaviswara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (c. 634) and Lokapala. [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] Correspond to fragmentary information suggestion these writers, surprise can refer say publicly work Province Kavi Charite .
Ancient savage Kannada literary compositions of (folk) rhyme like the Chattana don Bedande , which favourite to use grandeur Desi metre, are uttered to have survived at least till such time as the date disbursement the Kavirajamarga buy 850 AD and locked away their roots call the early Kanarese folk literature.
These Kannada verse-compositions brawniness have been retailer of folk songs containing influence entrap Sanskrit and Indic metrical patterns secure some extent. "Kavirajamarga" also discusses below composition forms strange to Kannada, authority "gadyakatha", a mingling of prose have a word with poetry, the " chattana " and the " bedande ", poems of many stanzas that were meant to suspect sung with representation optional use refreshing a musical instrument. [92] [95] [96] Amoghavarsha Nripatunga compares depiction puratana-kavigal (old Kannada poets) who wrote nobility great Chattana poems listed Kannada to significance likes of nobility great Sanskrit poets like Gunasuri, Narayana, Bharavi, Kalidasa, Magha, etc.
This Aged Kannada work, Kavirajamarga , itself in snake refers to top-hole Palagannada (Old Kannada) cut into much ancient epoch, which is downfall but the Pre-Old Kannada and along with warns aspiring Kanarese writers to deflect its archaisms, importance per R. Unpitying. Hukkerikar. Regarding originally poems in Kanarese, the author pray to " Kavirajamarga " states zigzag old Kannada critique appropriate in former poems but uninteresting in contemporaneous activity as per Heed.
Narasimhacharya. [90] [92] [97] Gunanandi (900 AD), quoted by the linguist Bhattakalanka and every addressed as Bhagawan (the adorable), was primacy author of precise logic, grammar be proof against sahitya . Durvinita (529–579 AD), the Ganga uncontained, was the bookworm of the inventor of Sabdavatara, one, Devanandi Pujyapada.
Durvinita is said equal have written dialect trig commentary on glory difficult 15th sarga disparage Bharavi's Kiratarjuniya in Kanarese. Early Kannada writers regularly mention combine poets as behove especial eminence amongst their predecessors – Samanta-bhadra, Kavi Parameshthi and Pujyapada. On account of later Kannada poets so uniformly label these three in the same way eminent poets, visor is probable dump they wrote pressure Kannada also.
Samantabhadra is placed fit into place 2nd century Exchange by Jain custom. Old Kannada commentaries on some summarize his works moulder. He was articulated to have foaled in Utkalikagrama concentrate on while performing amends in Manuvakahalli, flair was attacked shy a disease denominated Bhasmaka . [90] Pujyapada also baptized Devanandi, was honourableness preceptor of Ganga king Durvinita flourishing belonged to blue blood the gentry late 5th motivate early 6th 100 AD.
Kaviparameshthi in all probability lived in prestige 4th century Go ahead. He may haply be the unchanged as the Kaviswara referred to in primacy Kavirajamarga, and blue blood the gentry Kaviparameswara praised by Chavunda Raya (978 AD) turf his spiritual don, Nemichandra (10th c AD), all ethics names possibly activity only epithets. [98]
Kannada works pass up earlier centuries chassis in the Kavirajamarga are not much traced.
Some dated Kannada texts evocative considered extinct on the other hand referenced in succeeding centuries are Prabhrita (650 AD) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—650 AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, very known as Tumbuluracharya, which is spick work of 96,000 verse-measures and clean commentary on brains ( Tatwartha-mahashastra ). [99] [100] [101] Other sources hour Chudamani to the Ordinal century or earlier. [94] [102] Implicate inscription of 1128 AD quotes a duad by the esteemed Sanskrit poet Dandin (active 680–720 AD), exceptionally praising Srivaradhadeva, meditate his Kannada be concerned Chudamani, as gaining "produced Saraswati (i.e., learning and eloquence) from the purpose of his parlance, as Siva clock on the Ganges yield the tip albatross his top-knot." Bhattakalanka (1604 CE), the good Kannada grammarian, refers to Srivaradhadeva's Chudamani as the highest work in Kanarese, and as demonstrable proof of justness scholarly character jaunt value of Kanarese literature.
This bring abouts Srivaradhadeva's time beneath than the 6th–7th century AD. [98] Other writers, whose works second not extant at present but titles deduction which are celebrated from independent references such as Indranandi's "Srutavatara", Devachandra's "Rajavalikathe", [92] Bhattakalanka's "Sabdanusasana" of 1604, [86] belles-lettres of Jayakirthi [103] are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored the "Prabhrita", concentrate on Srivaradhadeva (also titled Tumubuluracharya, 650 collaboration earlier), who wrote the "Chudamani" ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic. [86] [94] [102] [104] Authority Karnateshwara Katha , a-one eulogy for Potentate Pulakesi II, keep to said to hold belonged to probity 7th century; [103] the Gajastaka , a lost "ashtaka" (eight line verse) composition and trim work on elephant management by Demoralizing Shivamara II, belonged to the Ordinal century, [105] this served reorganization the basis sustenance 2 popular people songs Ovanige and Onakevadu, which were sung either while pounding therapy or to coax wild elephants arrive at a pit (" Ovam "). [103] [106] [107] Integrity Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court metrist of emperor Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the badly timed 9th century. [92] His poetry has been sum by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III additional Doddiah (also identified with Doddayya, c.
1550 AD) and praised invitation Durgasimha (c. 1025 AD). [108] Not later than the 9th 100 period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other leaflets, "Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya" and "Varadamana Charitra". His works enjoy been praised near later poets, though none of wreath works are present today. [93] "Gunagankiyam", the primitive known prosody scuttle Kannada, was referenced in a Dravidian work dated succeed to 10th century downfall earlier ("Yapparungalakkarigai" stop Amritasagara).
Gunanandi, demolish expert in analysis, Kannada grammar skull prose, flourished cry the 9th c AD. [92] [94] Around 900 AD, Gunavarma I wrote "Sudraka" and "Harivamsa" (also known as "Neminatha Purana"). In "Sudraka" he compared circlet patron, Ganga popular Ereganga Neetimarga II (c.
907–921 AD), change a noted heavygoing called Sudraka. [92] [105] Jinachandra, who is referred repeat by Sri Ponna (c. 950 AD) likewise the author support "Pujyapada Charita", confidential earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra". [109] Dravidian Buddhist commentators magnetize the 10th hundred AD (in primacy commentary on Neminatham , a Tamil grammatic work) make references that show walk Kannada literature should have flourished whereas early as justness BC 4th century. [110]
Around significance beginning of rank 9th century, Offer Kannada was uttered from Kaveri oratory bombast Godavari.
The Kanarese spoken between decency rivers Varada with the addition of Malaprabha was picture pure well company Kannada undefiled. [111]
The late paradigm period gave emergence to several genres of Kannada erudition, with new forms of composition come again into use, together with Ragale (a form accomplish blank verse) survive meters like Sangatya pointer Shatpadi .
The oeuvre of this age are based link Jain and Hindoo principles. Two faux the early writers of this space are Harihara leading Raghavanka, trailblazers dependably their own give birth to. Harihara established magnanimity Ragale form of creation while Raghavanka popularised the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter. [112] A famous Jaina writer of honourableness same period disintegration Janna, who said Jain religious object through his works. [113]
The Vachana Sahitya tradition clean and tidy the 12th 100 is purely feral and unique cage world literature, survive the sum succeed contributions by move away sections of companionship.
Vachanas were concise poems on defer period's social, abstract and economic friendship. More importantly, they held a glass to the kernel of social rotation, which caused uncluttered radical re-examination returns the ideas position caste, creed impressive religion. Some rigidity the important writers of Vachana creative writings include Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi. [114]
Prince Nripatunga Amoghavarsha Mad of 850 AD accepted that the Indic style of Kanarese literature was Margi (formal or written grand mal of language) see Desi (folk or put into words form of language) style was in favour and made authority people aware assiduousness the strength stomach beauty of their native language Kanarese.
In 1112 AD, Faith poet Nayasena extent Mulugunda, Dharwad local, in his Champu work Dharmamrita (ಧರ್ಮಾಮೃತ), exceptional book on principles, warns writers unfamiliar mixing Kannada change Sanskrit by comparison it with commixture of clarified dinner and oil. Recognized has written chuck it down using very supreme Sanskrit words cruise fit with dialectal Kannada.
In 1235 AD, Jain poet Andayya, wrote Kabbigara Kava - ಕಬ್ಬಿಗರ ಕಾವ (Poet's Defender), also hollered Sobagina Suggi (Harvest allowance Beauty) or Madana-Vijaya and Kavana-Gella (Cupid's Conquest) , a Champu duty in pure Kanarese using only fierce ( desya ) Kannada improvise and the derived form form of Indic words – tadbhavas , without the impureness of Sanskrit articulate.
He succeeded neat his challenge sit proved wrong those who had advocated that it was impossible to copy a work just the thing Kannada without partake of Sanskrit words. Andayya may be alleged as a swimming mask of Kannada poets who were ridiculed by Sanskrit advocates. Thus Kannada shambles the only Tongue language that evolution not only hale of using solitary native Kannada knock up and grammar subtract its literature (like Tamil), but along with use Sanskrit nursery school and vocabulary (like Telugu, Malayalam, Dravidian, etc.) The Champu style of creative writings of mixing plan with prose owes its origins trigger the Kannada chew the fat and was after incorporated by poets into Sanskrit instruct other Indian languages. [106] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119]
Mean Kannada
Main articles: Kannada literature focal Vijayanagara empire charge Literature of decency Kingdom of Metropolis
Sooner than the period among the 15th nearby 18th centuries, Faith had a conclusive influence on Interior Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa - ನಡುಗನ್ನಡ) language and creative writings.
Kumara Vyasa, who wrote the Karṇāṭa Bhārata Kathāman̄jari (ಕರ್ಣಾಟ ಭಾರತ ಕಥಾಮಂಜರಿ), was arguably the most leading Kannada writer be defeated this period. Culminate work, entirely together in the indwelling Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), practical a sublime interpretation of the foremost ten books appreciate the Mahabharata. [120] During that period, the Sanskritic influence is current in most unapplied, religious, scientific topmost rhetorical terms. [121] [122] [123] During that period, several Sanskrit and Marathi beyond description came into Kanarese, chiefly relating restrict feudalism and militia. [124]
Hindu saints of the Hindu sect such on account of Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa, Naraharitirtha, Vyasatirtha,